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Nov 1997

Volume 41, Issue 6, pp. 1223-1396


A model of adaptive links in nonlinear viscoelasticity

Aleksey D. Drozdov

J. Rheol. 41, 1223 (1997); http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.550849 (23 pages)

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A new constitutive model is derived for the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of polymers which do not possess the separability property. The model is based on the concept of adaptive links (a version of the theory of transient networks). It is assumed that the response of a link is essentially nonlinear, and the rates of breakage and reformation depend on the strain intensity. With reference to the Eyring concept of thermally activated processes, a new equation is proposed to describe the effect of strains on reformation of adaptive links. Adjustable parameters of the model are found by using experimental data for polycarbonate and an epoxy glass in the standard relaxation tests. Comparison of experimental data in dynamic tests with results of numerical simulation shows that the model correctly predicts the nonlinear viscoelastic response. © 1997 Society of Rheology.
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83.60.Df Nonlinear viscoelasticity
83.60.St Non-isothermal rheology
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
83.80.Sg Polymer melts

Shear induced textures of thermotropic acetoxypropylcellulose

J. B. Riti, M. T. Cidade, M. H. Godinho, A. F. Martins, and P. Navard

J. Rheol. 41, 1247 (1997); http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.550842 (14 pages) | Cited 6 times

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Acetoxypropylcellulose is a thermotropic cellulose derivative which is cholesteric from below room temperature up to 170 °C. Its textures during and after shear flow were studied by optical microscopy and small-angle light scattering (SALS) light scattering. The main features are similar to those occurring in hydroxypropylcellulose solutions, i.e., a polydomain texture evolving into a striated texture, as seen by optical microscopy. Elliptical or else four lobes with a streak are seen in the SALS patterns. Defects appearing as short dark lines not aligned with the flow direction are shown to be responsible for the existence of the four lobes of the SALS patterns. In addition these defects seem to be located where the band texture develops during relaxation. © 1997 Society of Rheology.
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61.30.Eb Experimental determinations of smectic, nematic, cholesteric, and other structures
61.30.Jf Defects in liquid crystals
83.80.Xz Liquid crystals: nematic, cholesteric, smectic, discotic, etc.
83.50.Ax Steady shear flows, viscometric flow
47.50.-d Non-Newtonian fluid flows

Dynamic viscosity of macroscopic suspensions of bimodal sized solid spheres

Philippe Gondret and Luc Petit

J. Rheol. 41, 1261 (1997); http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.550850 (14 pages) | Cited 8 times

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In this paper, we present experimental measurements for the dynamic viscosity of macroscopic (non-Brownian and noncolloidal) suspensions of bimodal sized spheres when submitted to an oscillating plane Couette flow. The measured viscosity is what we call the dynamic viscosity at finite frequency. Concerning the viscosity of such systems, numerous experimental studies have been done under steady flow conditions, i.e., at zero frequency, but few studies concern the dynamic case. Our measurements have been performed for different values of the three relevant parameters, namely the size ratio λ, the fraction ξ of small spheres to total solids, and the total solid volume fraction Φ. Our results show a viscosity reduction upon mixing, which increases as the total solid volume fraction Φ is increased. We analyze our results by a model that takes into account the volume fraction Φ and the maximum volume fraction Φm, which depends on the two parameters λ and ξ. On the other hand, we compare our experimental results with recent numerical simulations performed by Chang and Powell [J. Fluid Mech. 253, 1–25 (1993); Phys. Fluids 6, 1628–1636 (1994)] by Stokesian dynamics, and Monte Carlo method, which lead, respectively, to viscosity at zero and infinite frequency. Our experimental results lie between these two different simulation results. © 1997 Society of Rheology.
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83.80.Hj Suspensions, dispersions, pastes, slurries, colloids
83.80.Iz Emulsions and foams
82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions
47.55.Kf Particle-laden flows
83.10.Gr Constitutive relations
66.20.-d Viscosity of liquids; diffusive momentum transport

A viscoelastic model for dense granular flows

D. Z. Zhang and R. M. Rauenzahn

J. Rheol. 41, 1275 (1997); http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.550844 (24 pages) | Cited 10 times

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In traditional kinetic theory for a granular flow, it is usually assumed that particle interactions are instantaneous and binary. For a dense granular system, these assumptions are usually invalid. In this paper, we use an ensemble averaging technique to examine the effects of finite particle interaction time and multiparticle collisions. The main objectives of this paper are to develop a method and to provide a tool to study dense granular materials. As an example, we study flows of granular particles coated with thin layers of resin. To model particle elasticity and resin viscosity, the force between a pair of particles is approximated by a serial connection of a linear spring and a dashpot. Subsequently, a viscoelastic model is developed from the averaging method. In order to determine coefficients in the constitutive model, direct numerical simulations are performed. When the particle concentration is relatively low, the shear stress is quadratically proportional to the shear rate, in agreement with kinetic theories. At a high particle concentration, the shear stress depends linearly on the rate of strain. The transition between this quadratic and linear dependence is similar to a phase transition. In a dense system, when the shear rate exceeds a critical value, shear band formation is also observed. © 1997 Society of Rheology.
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83.60.Df Nonlinear viscoelasticity
47.50.-d Non-Newtonian fluid flows
83.60.Bc Linear viscoelasticity
02.60.-x Numerical approximation and analysis
81.05.Rm Porous materials; granular materials

Interfacial phenomena in the capillary extrusion of metallocene polyethylenes

Savvas G. Hatzikiriakos, Igor B. Kazatchkov, and Dimitris Vlassopoulos

J. Rheol. 41, 1299 (1997); http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.550836 (18 pages) | Cited 6 times

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Metallocene catalysts are known to produce homogeneous random polyolefin copolymers with narrow molecular weight distribution and controlled long/short-chain branching. Two such linear low-density polyethylenes were studied by using both constant-stress and capillary rheometry, in order to assess their rheological and processing behavior, as well as to identify critical conditions for the onset of flow instabilities. It was found that these polymers are thermorheologically complex liquids, apparently due to the presence of long-chain branching. Compared with conventional linear low-density polyethylenes, these metallocene polyethylenes exhibit quite unusual behavior in capillary flow, not previously reported to our knowledge. Specifically, we have encountered long transients in start-up of capillary experiments, and in some cases, the capillary reservoir had to be loaded several times before a steady-state pressure was obtained. In addition, we found that these polymers slip at shear stresses higher than about 0.05 MPa. This critical value is much smaller than the critical value of 0.10 MPa reported for other conventional polyethylenes. A simple qualitative model is proposed to rationalize these findings. It suggests that the molecular mechanism of slip is dominated by a competition between flow-induced chain detachment from the wall and disentanglement of the chains in the bulk from those attached to the wall. © 1997 Society of Rheology.
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83.50.Lh Slip boundary effects (interfacial and free surface flows)
83.50.-v Deformation and flow
83.80.Tc Polymer blends
83.60.Bc Linear viscoelasticity
68.03.-g Gas-liquid and vacuum-liquid interfaces
47.50.-d Non-Newtonian fluid flows

Simulating complex flows of liquid-crystalline polymers using the Doi theory

J. Feng and L. G. Leal

J. Rheol. 41, 1317 (1997); http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.550872 (19 pages) | Cited 10 times

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We simulate the startup flow of lyotropic liquid-crystalline polymers (LCPs) in an eccentric cylinder geometry. The objectives are to explore the mechanisms for the generation of disclinations in a nonhomogeneous flow and to study the coupling between the flow and the polymer configuration. The Doi theory, generalized to spatially varying flows and approximated by the quadratic closure, is used to model the evolution of LCP configurations. This, along with the equations of motion for the fluid, is solved by a finite-element method. The flow modification by the polymer stress is mild for the parameters used, but the LCP exhibits complex orientational behavior in different regions of the flow domain. For relatively weak nematic strength, a steady state is reached in which the director is oriented either along or transverse to the streamline, depending upon local flow conditions and the deformation history. A pair of disclinations, with strength ±1/2, are identified in the steady state, and the LCP configuration at the disclinations confirms the model of a structured defect core proposed by Greco and Marrucci (1992). For strong nematic strength, director tumbling occurs in the more rotational regions of the flow field, giving rise to a polydomain structure. The boundary of the tumbling domain consists of two disclinations of ±1/2 strength, a structure very similar to previous experimental observations of LCP domains. © 1997 Society of Rheology.
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61.30.Jf Defects in liquid crystals
47.50.-d Non-Newtonian fluid flows
83.80.Xz Liquid crystals: nematic, cholesteric, smectic, discotic, etc.
47.32.-y Vortex dynamics; rotating fluids
83.50.Jf Extensional flow and combined shear and extension
47.11.-j Computational methods in fluid dynamics

Testing the structure of magnetic paints with and without superimposed shear

Andrei A. Potanin, Suresh M. Shrauti, David W. Arnold, Alan M. Lane, and Jorrit Mellema

J. Rheol. 41, 1337 (1997); http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.550867 (11 pages) | Cited 3 times

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The structure development in dispersions of magnetic barium ferrite particles in cyclohexanone with polyvinylchloride wetting resin was tested by oscillatory rheological measurements and orthogonal superposition of steady and oscillatory shear. The optimum dispersion is achieved at the resin concentration c=c0, which corresponds to a minimum in the viscoelastic modulii. At c<c0 the system is highly elastic, brittle (G′ drops sharply and G′′ goes through a strong maximum at high strain), thixotropic and its relaxation spectrum, H(τ), is dominated by long relaxation times, τ, which indicates the existence of a strong network. At c>c0 the system becomes less elastic, more flexible, less thixotropic and H(τ) is dominated by short τ, which indicates that the structure formation in this case is dominated by small aggregates rather than a network. By superimposing steady and oscillatory shear we show that the steady shear dramatically break the structure and shifts H(τ) to very short τ. © 1997 Society of Rheology.  
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83.80.Hj Suspensions, dispersions, pastes, slurries, colloids
83.80.Iz Emulsions and foams
83.60.Pq Time-dependent structure (thixotropy, rheopexy)
82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.50.Mm Magnetic liquids

Direct measurement of adhesion between viscoelastic polymers: A contact mechanical approach

Afshin Falsafi, Pascal Deprez, Frank S. Bates, and Matthew Tirrell

J. Rheol. 41, 1349 (1997); http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.550845 (16 pages) | Cited 3 times

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We have measured the surface energies of several viscoelastic polymers, using contact mechanics methods. The materials studied were diblock copolymers of poly(ethylene)-poly(ethylene-propylene) (PE-PEP) having different PE volume fractions and molecular weights. The materials exhibit differing viscoelastic relaxation functions in the bulk. Surface energies were determined from contact mechanics experiments in the loading mode, analyzed by incorporating the bulk viscoelastic effects into the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts theory of adhesive elastic contacts. The samples were made of spherical caps of the materials formed by first melting, and then cooling to room temperature. The measured values of the surface energies are close to the reported value for that of the surface-active PEP block, based on prior contact angle measurements, indicating that reliable surface energy values can be extracted from contact mechanics experiments, suitably analyzed to account for viscoelastic behavior. We believe that this method may be generalizable to surface and interfacial energy studies of a wide range of viscoelastic polymers. © 1997 Society of Rheology.
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68.35.Gy Mechanical properties; surface strains
83.60.Bc Linear viscoelasticity
68.35.Md Surface thermodynamics, surface energies
83.80.Tc Polymer blends
83.85.-c Techniques and apparatus
46.55.+d Tribology and mechanical contacts

Nuclear magnetic resonance visualization of anomalous flow in cone-and-plate rheometry

Melanie M. Britton and Paul T. Callaghan

J. Rheol. 41, 1365 (1997); http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.550846 (22 pages) | Cited 9 times

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We demonstrate the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) microscopy to image the velocity distribution for fluids sheared within the gaps (4° and 7°) of cone-and-plate rheometers. These measurements employ a specially constructed rheogoniometer, which fits within the NMR probe system. While the uniform shear rate assumption is verified in the case of simple Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, a range of anomalous behavior (apparent slip, shear banding, and fracture) is observed in other systems, including wormlike surfactants, semidilute solutions of 18 MDa polyacrylamide, and dispersed silica in silicone grease. © 1997 Society of Rheology.
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47.80.-v Instrumentation and measurement methods in fluid dynamics
76.60.Pc NMR imaging
47.50.-d Non-Newtonian fluid flows

Letter to the Editor: Comment on “Conduit flow of an incompressible, yield-stress fluid” [J. Rheol. 41, 93–101 (1997)]

J. Rheol. 41, 1387 (1997); http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.550847 (3 pages)

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Abstract Unavailable
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47.50.-d Non-Newtonian fluid flows
47.60.-i Flow phenomena in quasi-one-dimensional systems
02.70.Dh Finite-element and Galerkin methods
02.70.Bf Finite-difference methods

Letter to the Editor: Response to “Comment on ‘Conduit flow of an incompressible, yield-stress fluid’ ” [J. Rheol. 41, 1387–1389 (1997)]

J. Rheol. 41, 1391 (1997); http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.550835 (1 page)

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Abstract Unavailable
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47.60.-i Flow phenomena in quasi-one-dimensional systems
47.50.-d Non-Newtonian fluid flows
83.50.-v Deformation and flow

Letter to the Editor: Comment on “Kinetics of structure development in liquid–liquid dispersions under simple shear flow. Theory” [J. Rheol. 40, 1095–1113 (1996)]

J. Rheol. 41, 1393 (1997); http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.550848 (1 page)

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Abstract Unavailable
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82.70.-y Disperse systems; complex fluids
47.55.Kf Particle-laden flows
83.80.Hj Suspensions, dispersions, pastes, slurries, colloids
83.80.Iz Emulsions and foams

Letter to the Editor: Response to “Comment on ‘Kinetics of structure development in liquid–liquid dispersions under simple shear flow. Theory ’ ” [J. Rheol. 41, 1393–1393 (1997)]

J. Rheol. 41, 1395 (1997); http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.550851 (2 pages)

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Abstract Unavailable
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82.70.-y Disperse systems; complex fluids
47.55.Kf Particle-laden flows
02.70.Bf Finite-difference methods
83.80.Hj Suspensions, dispersions, pastes, slurries, colloids
83.80.Iz Emulsions and foams
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